Citation Issues

Should you note in a census citation, handwritten elements that are changing the dwelling and family numbers? Regardless of where I look, Ancestry or FamilySearch, I'm seeing the numbers crossed out and new written numbers both above and below the original numbers. Should these new numbers be included in the citation?

The newspaper below has dropped its Saturday print edition and now prints the Friday edition with Friday's and Saturday's dates on it.  How would you revise this citation for a newspaper dated May 15 and May 16?

“Delta retiring giant Boeing 777s,” The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, North Carolina), 15 May 2020, p. 5A, col. 3.

I purchased a booklet several years ago in PDF format published by a local historical society. It's supposed to be a transcription of an old store account book in which the owner logged marriages and deaths in a local town in NY.  The original booklet is not paginated, contains no section headers, (nor is there any implied sections. Marriages and deaths are not chronological, alphabetical or even separated into 2 groups). I'm having a hard time putting together the citation.

This is what I have so far.

From looking around and searching, I seem to be understanding that in a citation it may not be necessary to cite dates unless it is fundamental to relocating the record(s). For example, will books that have no number or letter but do have a date range would be something like: state, county, Will book 1840-1846, p300, etc.; while one that does have a number/letter would be something like: state, county, Will book J, p300, etc.

I am new to Genealogy research and I want to be sure I start off on the right foot. I've read and re-read chapter 2 of the 3rd edition of EE. I am still uncertain as to the difference between the "Source List" and the "Source List Entry." Are they the same thing? Also, can I make a comparison between Family Tree Maker's "Source Title, Citation Detail, Citation Text and Reference Note" and EE's "Source List Entry and First Reference Note". Is there any similarity? Thank You for any help.

I inherited all of my dad's research notes and materials. He was actually writing a family history book, but he passed away before he finished it.  What is the best format to use for a reference note for his research notes?

Thanks!

What are the thoughts on using URL shorteners?

When an archive isn't using some sort of persistent ID, you end up with lots of gobbley gook that isn't guaranteed to be persistent (like the following

I am wanting to cite a quote from this website that states "New York State did not require local governments to report births, marriages, and deaths until 1880."

This is what I have come up with, but was after US based folk opinions. I am in Australia.

I have certified copies of vital records that I have acquired over the years and am working on re-entering the records with correct citations into a new software program (correcting years of bad habits). A simple citation for my grandfather's birth certificate would be: 

North Dakota Bureau of Vital Statistics, birth certificate no. 12913 (1917), Lineol Joseph Gow; Department of Health and Consolidated Laboratories, Bismarck.

So here's my issue, i've located an unsourced photocopy of a death certificate, issued by Germany, for a Dutch citizen. The dates are right so it's likely valid. Here goes my citation for this.

Layer 1 is the certificate, issued by the 3rd Reich. Layer2 is the web site where i located the information. Layer 3 should be the repository for this information but it's not given (sure wish those who'd done this had read EE and put the citation on the photocopy, one can hope for the future :)